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1. Whatever Happened to the Harappan Civilisation IELTS Reading
1.1 Reading passage
A. The Harappan Civilisation of ancient Pakistan and India flourished 5,000 years ago, but a thousand years later their cities were abandoned. The Harappan Civilisation was a sophisticated Bronze Age society who built ‘megacities’ and traded internationally in luxury craft products, and yet seemed to have left almost no depictions of themselves. But their lack of self-imagery – at a time when the Egyptians were carving and painting representations of themselves all over their temples – is only part of the mystery.
B. ‘There is plenty of archaeological evidence to tell us about the rise of the Harappan Civilisation, but relatively little about its fall,’ explains archaeologist Dr Cameron Petrie of the University of Cambridge. ‘As populations increased, cities were built that had great baths, craft workshops, palaces and halls laid out in distinct sectors. Houses were arranged in blocks, with wide main streets and narrow alleyways, and many had their own wells and drainage systems. It was very much a “thriving” civilisation.’ Then around 2100 BC, a transformation began. Streets went uncleaned, buildings started to be abandoned, and ritual structures fell out of use. After their final demise, a millennium passed before really large-scale cities appeared once more in South Asia.
C. Some have claimed that major glacier-fed rivers changed their course, dramatically affecting the water supply and agriculture; or that the cities could not cope with an increasing population, they exhausted their resource base, the trading economy broke down or they succumbed to invasion and conflict; and yet others that climate change caused an environmental change that affected food and water provision. ‘It is unlikely that there was a single cause for the decline of the civilisation. But the fact is, until now, we have had little solid evidence from the area for most of the key elements,’ said Petrie. ‘A lot of the archaeological debate has really only been well-argued speculation.’
D. A research team led by Petrie, together with Dr Ravindanath Singh of Banaras Hindu University in India, found early in their investigations that many of the archaeological sites were not where they were supposed to be, completely altering understanding of the way that this region was inhabited in the past. When they carried out a survey of how the larger area was settled in relation to sources of water, they found inaccuracies in the published geographic locations of ancient settlements ranging from several hundred metres to many kilometres. They realised that any attempts to use the existing data were likely to be fundamentally flawed. Over the course of several seasons of fieldwork they carried out new surveys, finding an astonishing 198 settlement sites that were previously unknown.
E. Now, research published by Dr Yama Dixit and Professor David Hodell, both from Cambridge’s Department of Earth Sciences, has provided the first definitive evidence for climate change affecting the plains of north-western India, where hundreds of Harappan sites are known to have been situated. The researchers gathered shells of Melanoides tuberculate snails from the sediments of an ancient lake and used geochemical analysis as a means of tracing the climate history of the region. ‘As today, the major source of water into the lake is likely to have been the summer monsoon,’ says Dixit. ‘But we have observed that there was an abrupt change about 4,100 years ago, when the amount of evaporation from the lake exceeded the rainfall – indicative of a drought.’ Hodell adds: ‘We estimate that the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon climate lasted about 200 years before recovering to the previous conditions, which we still see today.’
F. It has long been thought that other great Bronze Age civilisations also declined at a similar time, with a global-scale climate event being seen as the cause. While it is possible that these local-scale processes were linked, the real archaeological interest lies in understanding the impact of these larger-scale events on different environments and different populations. ‘Considering the vast area of the Harappan Civilisation with its variable weather systems,’ explains Singh, ‘it is essential that we obtain more climate data from areas close to the two great cities at Mohenjodaro and Harappa and also from the Indian Punjab.’
G. Petrie and Singh’s team is now examining archaeological records and trying to understand details of how people led their lives in the region five millennia ago. They are analysing grains cultivated at the time, and trying to work out whether they were grown under extreme conditions of water stress, and whether they were adjusting the combinations of crops they were growing for different weather systems. They are also looking at whether the types of pottery used, and other aspects of their material culture, were distinctive to specific regions or were more similar across larger areas. This gives us insight into the types of interactive networks that the population was involved in, and whether those changed.
H. Petrie believes that archaeologists are in a unique position to investigate how past societies responded to environmental and climatic change. ‘By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to engage with the public, and the relevant governmental and administrative bodies, to be more proactive in issues such as the management and administration of water supply, the balance of urban and rural development, and the importance of preserving cultural heritage in the future.’
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1.2 Questions
Questions 27-31
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once
27 proposed explanations for the decline of the Harappan Civilisation
28 reference to a present-day application of some archaeological research findings
29 a difference between the Harappan Civilisation and another culture of the same period
30 a description of some features of Harappan urban design
31 reference to the discovery of errors made by previous archaeologists
Questions 32-36
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.
Looking at evidence of climate change
Yama Dixit and David Hodell have found the first definitive evidence of climate change affecting the plains of north-western India thousands of years ago. By collecting the 32………………………… of snails and analysing them, they discovered evidence of a change in water levels in a 33……………………….. in the region. This occurred when there was less 34…………………………….. than evaporation, and suggests that there was an extended period of drought.
Petrie and Singh’s team are using archaeological records to look at 35…………………………… from five millennia ago, in order to know whether people had adapted their agricultural practices to changing climatic conditions. They are also examining objects including 36………………………….. , so as to find out about links between inhabitants of different parts of the region and whether these changed over time.
Questions 37-40
Complete the summary below.
Look at the following statements (Questions 38-40) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
37 Finding further information about changes to environmental conditions in the region is vital.
38 Examining previous patterns of behaviour may have long-term benefits.
39 Rough calculations indicate the approximate length of a period of water shortage.
40 Information about the decline of the Harappan Civilisation has been lacking.
2. Whatever Happened to the Harappan Civilisation Reading Answers
Dưới đây là bảng đáp án chi tiết:
Dưới đây là bảng câu hỏi và đáp án được sắp xếp theo yêu cầu:
| Question | Answer |
| 27 | C |
| 28 | H |
| 29 | A |
| 30 | B |
| 31 | D |
| 32 | shells |
| 33 | lake |
| 34 | rainfall |
| 35 | grains |
| 36 | pottery |
| 37 | B |
| 38 | A |
| 39 | D |
| 40 | A |
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3. Voyage Of Going Beyond The Blue Line 2 Explanation
Question 27
Đáp án: C
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn C
Giải thích: Đoạn văn đề cập đến nhiều giả thuyết khác nhau về sự suy tàn của nền văn minh Harappan, bao gồm thay đổi dòng chảy sông, dân số tăng nhanh, tài nguyên cạn kiệt, kinh tế thương mại sụp đổ, xung đột và biến đổi khí hậu tác động đến nguồn thực phẩm và nước.
“Some have claimed that major glacier-fed rivers changed their course, dramatically affecting the water supply and agriculture; or that the cities could not cope with an increasing population, they exhausted their resource base, the trading economy broke down or they succumbed to invasion and conflict; and yet others that climate change caused an environmental change that affected food and water provision.”
Question 28
Đáp án: H
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn H
Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về việc áp dụng nghiên cứu khảo cổ học để giải quyết các vấn đề hiện tại, chẳng hạn như quản lý nguồn nước, cân bằng giữa phát triển đô thị và nông thôn, cũng như bảo tồn di sản văn hóa.
“By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to engage with the public, and the relevant governmental and administrative bodies, to be more proactive in issues such as the management and administration of water supply, the balance of urban and rural development, and the importance of preserving cultural heritage in the future.”
Question 32
Đáp án: shells
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn E
Giải thích: Các nhà nghiên cứu đã thu thập vỏ ốc từ trầm tích của một hồ cổ đại để phân tích hóa địa chất, từ đó tìm ra bằng chứng về sự thay đổi khí hậu trong khu vực.
“The researchers gathered shells of Melanoides tuberculate snails from the sediments of an ancient lake and used geochemical analysis as a means of tracing the climate history of the region.”
Question 33
Đáp án: lake
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn E
Giải thích: Các nhà khoa học đã phân tích lớp trầm tích từ một hồ nước cổ đại để tìm kiếm dấu hiệu về sự thay đổi khí hậu trong lịch sử.
“The researchers gathered shells of Melanoides tuberculate snails from the sediments of an ancient lake and used geochemical analysis as a means of tracing the climate history of the region.”
Question 34
Đáp án: rainfall
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn E
Giải thích: Đoạn văn đề cập đến thời kỳ mà lượng bốc hơi cao hơn lượng mưa, điều này cho thấy khu vực đã trải qua một đợt hạn hán kéo dài.
“…when the amount of evaporation exceeded the rainfall – indicative of a drought.”
Question 35
Đáp án: grains
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn G
Giải thích: Nhóm nghiên cứu của Petrie và Singh đang phân tích các hồ sơ khảo cổ học để tìm hiểu về cuộc sống của người dân cách đây năm thiên niên kỷ. Họ tập trung vào các loại ngũ cốc được trồng vào thời điểm đó để xác định liệu con người có điều chỉnh phương thức canh tác theo điều kiện khí hậu hay không.
“Petrie and Singh’s team is now examining archaeological records and trying to understand details of how people led their lives in the region five millennia ago. They are analysing grains cultivated at the time and trying to work out whether they were grown under extreme conditions of water stress, and whether they were adjusting the combinations of crops they were growing for different weather systems.”
Question 36
Đáp án: pottery
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn G
Giải thích: Nhóm nghiên cứu cũng đang xem xét các loại đồ gốm để tìm hiểu về mối liên kết giữa cư dân ở các khu vực khác nhau và cách những mối liên kết này thay đổi theo thời gian.
“The researchers … are also looking at whether the types of pottery used, and other aspects of their material culture, were distinctive to specific regions or were more similar across larger areas. This gives us insight into the types of interactive networks that the population was involved in, and whether those changed.”
Question 37
Đáp án: B
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn F
Giải thích: Ravindanath Singh nhấn mạnh rằng việc thu thập thêm dữ liệu về khí hậu trong khu vực Harappan là điều cần thiết để hiểu rõ hơn về các điều kiện môi trường đã thay đổi như thế nào.
“Considering the vast area of the Harappan Civilisation with its variable weather systems,” explains Singh, “it is essential that we obtain more climate data from areas close to the two great cities at Mohenjodaro and Harappa and also from the Indian Punjab.”
Question 38
Đáp án: A
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn H
Giải thích: Cameron Petrie đề cập đến lợi ích lâu dài của việc nghiên cứu các phản ứng của con người trong quá khứ đối với áp lực môi trường. Điều này có thể giúp chúng ta giải quyết các vấn đề hiện tại như quản lý nguồn nước, phát triển đô thị và bảo tồn di sản.
“By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to engage with the public, and the relevant governmental and administrative bodies, to be more proactive in issues such as the management and administration of water supply, the balance of urban and rural development, and the importance of preserving cultural heritage in the future.”
Question 39
Đáp án: D
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn E
Giải thích: David Hodell ước tính rằng sự suy yếu của gió mùa mùa hè Ấn Độ kéo dài khoảng 200 năm trước khi trở lại điều kiện bình thường. Điều này cho thấy một tính toán sơ bộ về khoảng thời gian xảy ra tình trạng thiếu nước.
“Hodell adds: ‘We estimate that the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon climate lasted about 200 years before recovering to the previous conditions…’”
Question 40
Đáp án: A
Vị trí thông tin liên quan: Đoạn B
Giải thích: Theo nhà khảo cổ học Cameron Petrie, có nhiều bằng chứng khảo cổ về sự hình thành của nền văn minh Harappan, nhưng lại thiếu thông tin về sự suy tàn của nó. Điều này cho thấy thông tin về sự suy tàn của nền văn minh này còn hạn chế.
“There is plenty of archaeological evidence to tell us about the rise of the Harappan Civilisation, but relatively little about its fall’, explains archaeologist Dr Cameron Petrie…”
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