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1. Voyage Of Going Beyond The Blue Line 2 IELTS Reading
1.1 Reading passage
A. One feels a certain sympathy for Captain James Cook on the day in 1778 that he “discovered” Hawaii. Then on his third expedition to the Pacific, the British navigator had explored scores of islands across the breadth of the sea, from lush New Zealand to the lonely wastes of Easter Island. This latest voyage had taken him thousands of miles north from the Society Islands to an archipelago so remote that even the Polynesians back on Tahiti knew nothing about it. Imagine Cook’s surprise, then, when the natives of Hawaii came paddling out in their canoes and greeted him in a familiar tongue, one he had heard on virtually every mote of inhabited land he had visited. Marveling at the ubiquity of this Pacific language and culture, he later wondered in his journal: “How shall we account for this Nation spreading itself so far over this Vast ocean?”
B. Answers have been slow in coming. But now a startling archaeological find on the island of Efate, in the Pacific nation of Vanuatu, has revealed an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians, taking their first steps into the unknown. The discoveries there have also opened a window into the shadowy work of those early voyagers. At the same time, other pieces of this human puzzle are turning up in unlikely places. Climate data gleaned from slow-growing corals around the Pacific and from sediments in alpine lakes in South America may help explain how, more than a thousand years later, a second wave of seafarers beat their way across the entire Pacific.
C. What we have is a first-or second-generation site containing the graves of some of the Pacific’s first explorers,” says Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and co-leader of an international team excavating the site. It came to light only by luck. A backhoe operator, digging up topsoil on the grounds of a derelict coconut plantation, scraped open a grave— the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the bones of an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita, a label that derives from a beach in New Caledonia where a landmark cache of their pottery was found in the 1950s. They were daring blue-water adventurers who roved the sea not just as explorers but also as pioneers, bringing everything they would need to build new lives— their families and livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools.
D. Within the span of a few centuries the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga, at least 2,000 miles eastward in the Pacific. Along the way they explored millions of square miles of unknown sea, discovering and colonizing scores of tropical islands never before seen by human eyes: Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa.
E. What little is known or surmised about them has been pieced together from fragments of pottery, animal bones, obsidian flakes, and such oblique sources as comparative linguistics and geochemistry. Although their voyages can be traced back to the northern islands of Papua New Guinea, their language variants of which are still spoken across the Pacific came from Taiwan. And their peculiar style of pottery decoration, created by pressing a carved stamp into the clay, probably had its roots in the northern Philippines. With the discovery of the Lapita cemetery on Efate, the volume of data available to researchers has expanded dramatically. The bones of at least 62 individuals have been uncovered so far including old men, young women, even babies—and more skeletons are known to be in the ground. Archaeologists were also thrilled to discover six complete Lapita pots. It’s an important find, Spriggs says, for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita. “It would be hard for anyone to argue that these aren’t Lapita when you have human bones enshrined inside what is unmistakably a Lapita urn.”
F. Several lines of evidence also undergird Spriggs’s conclusion that this was a community of pioneers making their first voyages into the remote reaches of Oceania. For one thing, the radiocarbon dating of bones and charcoal places them early in the Lapita expansion. For another, the chemical makeup of the obsidian flakes littering the site indicates that the rock wasn’t local; instead it was imported from a large island in Papua New Guinea’s Bismarck Archipelago, the springboard for the Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific. A particularly intriguing clue comes from chemical tests on the teeth of several skeletons. DNA teased from these ancient bones may also help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology: Did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one outward migration from a single point in Asia, or several from different points? “This represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet,” says Spriggs, “to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their best descendants are today.
G. “There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: How did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they segue into myth long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.” All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sail them,” says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland and an avid yachtsman. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific making short crossings to islands within sight of each other. Reaching Fiji, as they did a century or so later, meant crossing more than 500 miles of ocean, pressing on day after day into the great blue void of the Pacific. What gave them the courage to launch out on such a risky voyage?
H. The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success. “They could sail out for days into the unknown and reconnoiter, secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride home on the trade winds. It’s what made the whole thing work.” Once out there, skilled seafarers would detect abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds and turtles, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pileup of clouds on the horizon that often betokens an island in the distance. Some islands may have broadcast their presence with far less subtlety than a cloud bank. Some of the most violent eruptions anywhere on the planet during the past 10,000 years occurred in Melanesia, which sits nervously in one of the most explosive volcanic regions on Earth. Even less spectacular eruptions would have sent plumes of smoke billowing into the stratosphere and rained ash for hundreds of miles. It’s possible that the Lapita saw these signs of distant islands and later sailed off in their direction, knowing they would find land. For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagoes provided a safety net to keep them from overshooting their home ports and sailing off into eternity.
I. However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific, and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands – more than 300 in Fiji alone. Still, more than a millennium would pass before the Lapita’s descendants, a people we now call the Polynesians, struck out in search of new territory.
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1.2 Questions
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Captain Cook once expected the Hawaii to speak a language different from that in other pacific islands
- Captain Cook depicted many cultural aspects of Polynesians in his journal
- Professor Spriggs and his research team set out to find the site of an ancient cemetery in Efate
- The Lapita completed a journey of 2000 miles in just less than a century
- The Lapita were the first inhabitants in many pacific islands
- The urn buried in Efate site was plain as it was without any decoration.
- The unknown pots discovered in Efate had once been used for cooking.
Questions 8-10
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage
Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.
Scientific Evidence found in Efate site
Tests show the human remains and the charcoal found in the buried um are from the start of the Lapita period. Yet the 8……. covering many of the Efate sites did not come from that area. Then examinations carried out on the 9……. discovered at Efate site reveal that not everyone buried there was a native living in the area. In fact, DNA could identify Lapita’s nearest 10………… present-days.
Questions 11-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
- What did the Lapita travel in when they crossed the oceans?
- In Irwins’s view, what would the Lapita have relied on to bring them fast back to the base?
- Which sea creatures would have been an indication to the Lapita of where to find land?
2. Voyage Of Going Reading Answers
Dưới đây là bảng đáp án:
| Question Number | Answer | Keywords | Location of Keyword |
| 1 | TRUE | Natives of Hawaii, Cook’s reaction, heard everywhere, greeted in a familiar way, inhabited islands | Para A, lines 6-8 |
| 2 | FALSE | This nation expanded, covering a vast ocean—reasoning behind it? | Para A, last 2 lines |
| 3 | FALSE | Discovered purely by chance | Para C, lines 3-4 |
| 4 | NOT GIVEN | – | – |
| 5 | TRUE | Found undiscovered islands, tropical lands, unknown waters explored | Para D, lines 3-4 |
| 6 | NOT GIVEN | – | – |
| 7 | FALSE | Modeled birds, burial urn, human bones below, looking from the rim | Para E, lines 11-12 |
| 8 | rock | Local rock absent, not originating from there | Para F, lines 4-5 |
| 9 | teeth | Skeleton remains, chemical tests on teeth | Para F, line 7 |
| 10 | descendants | Their closest modern relatives identified | Para F, last line |
| 11 | canoes | Ocean travel possible with Lapita’s canoes | Para G, line 6 |
| 12 | (the) trade winds | The Pacific journey, moving eastward, opposing winds | Para H, line 1 |
| 13 | seabirds and turtles | Navigators relied on signs of land—following turtles, seabird movement | Para H, lines 5-6 |
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3. Voyage Of Going Beyond The Blue Line 2 Explanation
Question 1
Đáp án: TRUE
Thông tin trong đoạn A: “Imagine Cook’s surprise, then, he had heard on the natives of Hawaii…..he had visited.”
Giải thích: Câu này cho thấy Cook cảm thấy ngạc nhiên vì người dân bản địa Hawaii lại nói một ngôn ngữ quen thuộc mà ông đã nghe ở hầu hết các vùng đất trước đó. Điều này chứng tỏ ông đã kỳ vọng rằng họ sẽ nói một ngôn ngữ khác.
Question 2
Đáp án: FALSE
Thông tin trong đoạn A (câu cuối): “he later wondered in his journal: How shall we account…..vast ocean.”
Giải thích: Câu này chỉ đề cập đến việc Cook tự hỏi làm thế nào để giải thích sự mở rộng của người Polynesia trên đại dương rộng lớn. Tuy nhiên, không có thông tin nào cho thấy ông đã mô tả các khía cạnh văn hóa của họ trong nhật ký.
Question 3
Đáp án: FALSE
Thông tin trong đoạn C: “What we have is a first – or second-generation site containing the graves of some…..by luck.”
Giải thích: Câu này cho thấy nhóm nghiên cứu đã phát hiện ra khu vực có các ngôi mộ của những nhà thám hiểm đầu tiên tại Thái Bình Dương. Tuy nhiên, việc tìm ra di tích này là nhờ may mắn, chứ không phải do có kế hoạch từ trước.
| Từ trong câu hỏi | Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài đọc |
| his research team | an international team |
| ancient cemetery | the graves |
Question 4
Đáp án: NOT GIVEN
Thông tin về khoảng cách 2000 miles trong đoạn D: “Within the span of a few centuries the Lapita….Pacific.”
Giải thích: Câu này nói rằng người Lapita mở rộng lãnh thổ của họ trong khoảng vài thế kỷ, nhưng không đề cập đến việc họ hoàn thành hành trình 2000 dặm trong chưa đầy một thế kỷ.
Question 5
Đáp án: TRUE
Thông tin trong đoạn D (câu cuối): “Along the way they explored millions of square….Samoa.”
Giải thích: Người Lapita đã khám phá và định cư trên nhiều hòn đảo nhiệt đới chưa từng có con người sinh sống trước đó, điều này chứng minh họ là những cư dân đầu tiên của khu vực này.
| Từ trong câu hỏi | Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài đọc |
| first inhabitants | colonizing … never before seen by human eyes |
Question 6
Đáp án: NO
Vị trí (đoạn E): “And their peculiar style of pottery…..into the clay.”
Giải thích: Đồ gốm của người Lapita có hoa văn đặc trưng được tạo ra bằng cách in hình con dấu vào đất sét. Vì urn (tiểu đựng hài cốt) cũng là đồ gốm, nên nó không thể trơn (plain) được.
Question 7
Đáp án: NOT GIVEN
Vị trí thông tin liên quan (đoạn E): “Archaeologists were also thrilled to discover six complete Lapita pots.”
Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ đề cập đến việc các nhà khảo cổ tìm thấy 6 chiếc nồi Lapita nguyên vẹn, nhưng không có thông tin nào về việc chúng từng được sử dụng để nấu ăn.
Question 8
Đáp án: rock
Vị trí thông tin liên quan (đoạn F): “For another, the chemical makeup of the obsidian flakes…..local.”
Giải thích: Cấu trúc hóa học của các mảnh obsidian rải rác quanh khu di tích cho thấy chúng không phải là đá địa phương, chứng minh rằng nguyên liệu này đến từ nơi khác.
| Từ trong câu hỏi | Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài đọc |
| not come from that area | wasn’t local |
Question 9
Đáp án: teeth
Vị trí thông tin liên quan (đoạn F): “A particularly intriguing clue comes from chemical tests…..one source or many?”
Giải thích: Các thử nghiệm hóa học trên răng của một số bộ xương giúp nghiên cứu về nguồn gốc của cư dân Lapita, xem họ có chung một tổ tiên hay không.
| Từ trong câu hỏi | Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài đọc |
| examinations | tests |
| carried out one | comes from |
Question 10
Đáp án: descendants
Vị trí thông tin liên quan (đoạn F): “to find out who the Lapita actually…..are today.”
Giải thích: Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu DNA là xác định người Lapita thực sự là ai, họ đến từ đâu và hậu duệ của họ ngày nay là ai.
| Từ trong câu hỏi | Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài đọc |
| nearest | closest |
| present-day | are today |
Question 11
Đáp án: canoes
Vị trí thông tin liên quan (đoạn G): “All we can say for certain is that the Lapita….sail them.”
Giải thích: Người Lapita sở hữu những chiếc ca nô có thể giúp họ trong các cuộc hành trình vượt đại dương, và họ có khả năng điều khiển những phương tiện này.
Question 12
Đáp án: prevailing trade winds
Vị trí thông tin liên quan (đoạn H, 2 câu đầu): “The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward,…..to their success.”
Giải thích: Người Lapita di chuyển ngược chiều gió mậu dịch thịnh hành. Theo Irwin, chính những cơn gió này có thể đã giúp họ thành công trong việc khám phá và định cư trên các hòn đảo mới.
Question 13
Đáp án: seabirds and turtles
Vị trí thông tin liên quan (đoạn H): “Once out there, skilled seafarers would detect abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds and turtles.”
Giải thích: Những thủy thủ lành nghề có thể theo dõi dấu hiệu từ chim biển và rùa để tìm đến đất liền.
| Từ trong câu hỏi | Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài đọc |
| indication | detect abundant leads |
| where to find land | follow to land |
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