Cambridge IELTS 9 Test 1 Reading Passage 3 là một thử thách với thí sinh do có ba dạng câu hỏi khác nhau và chủ đề học thuật phức tạp. The History Of The Tortoise Reading Passage khám phá quá trình tiến hóa đáng kinh ngạc của loài rùa. Hãy cùng IKES giải đáp các câu hỏi để nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu và cải thiện điểm số IELTS!
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1. The History Of The Tortoise IELTS Reading
1.1 Reading passage
If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.
Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don’t even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches.
There is evidence that all modem turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modem turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.
Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P quenstedti and JR talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water.
You might think, therefore, that modem land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family tree of all modem turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today’s land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modem land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then re-emerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times.
Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.
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1.2 Questions
Questions 27-30
Answer the questions below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27. What had to transfer from sea to land before any animals could migrate?
28. Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to make big changes as they moved onto land?
29. Which physical feature possessed by their ancestors, do whales lack?
30. Which animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled?
Questions 31-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this more than once.
31.Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.
32.It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilized remains are incomplete.
33.The habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilized remains.
Questions 34-39
Complete the flow-chart below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.
Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles and tortoises come from
Step 1: 71 species of living turtles and tortoises were examined and a total of 34 …………….were taken from the bones of their forelimbs.
Step 2: The data was recorded on a 35 ………………. (necessary for comparing the information). Outcome: Land tortoises were represented by a dense 36 ……………… of points towards the top. Sea turtles were grouped together in the bottom part.
Step 3: The same data was collected from some living 37 ……………… species and added to the other results. Outcome: The points for these species turned out to be positioned about 38 ……………… up the triangle between the land tortoises and the sea turtles.
Step 4: Bones of R quenstedti and P talampayensis were examined in a similar way and the results added.
Outcome: The position of the points indicated that both these ancient creatures were
39………………….
Questions 40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.
According to the writer, the most significant thing about tortoises is that
- they are able to adapt to life in extremely dry environments.
- their original life form was a kind of primeval bacteria,
- they have so much in common with sea turtles.
- they have made the transition from sea to land more than once.
2. The History Of The Tortoise Reading Answers
Hãy cùng xem đáp án của The History Of The Tortoise Reading Passage nhé!
| Questions | Đáp án |
| 27 | plants |
| 28 | breathing and reproduction |
| 29 | gills |
| 30 | dolphins |
| 31 | NOT GIVEN |
| 32 | FALSE |
| 33 | TRUE |
| 34 | 3 measurements |
| 35 | (triangular) graph |
| 36 | cluster |
| 37 | amphibious |
| 38 | half way |
| 39 | dry-land tortoises |
| 40 | D |
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3. The History Of The Tortoise Explanation
Questions 27-30: Short Answer
Question 27
- Đáp án: plants
- Vị trí: Đoạn 1 – “And we mustn’t forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.”
- Giải thích: Câu này nói rằng thực vật phải chuyển từ biển lên đất liền trước khi động vật có thể di cư lên đất liền. Do đó, đáp án là plants.
Question 28
- Đáp án: breathing, reproduction
- Vị trí: Đoạn 2 – “Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction.”
- Giải thích: Câu này liệt kê breathing (hô hấp) và reproduction (sinh sản) là hai quá trình mà động vật phải thay đổi đáng kể khi chuyển lên đất liền.
Question 29
- Đáp án: gills
- Vị trí: Đoạn 2 – “They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation.”
- Giải thích: Cá voi từng có tổ tiên sống dưới nước có mang để thở. Tuy nhiên, khi trở thành động vật trên cạn rồi quay lại biển, chúng không phát triển lại mang mà vẫn thở bằng phổi.
Question 30
- Đáp án: dolphins
- Vị trí: Đoạn 3 – “The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water.”
- Giải thích: Hóa thạch của Ichthyosaurs có hình dáng giống cá heo, vì vậy chúng được cho là có cách sống tương tự cá heo.
Questions 31-33: True, False, Not Given
Question 31
- Đáp án: NOT GIVEN
- Vị trí: Không có thông tin rõ ràng trong bài.
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rằng nhiều loài động vật quay trở lại nước, nhưng không đề cập liệu rùa có phải là nhóm đầu tiên làm điều này hay không. Vì vậy, câu này là NOT GIVEN.
Question 32
- Đáp án: FALSE
- Vị trí: Đoạn 4 – “Sometimes it’s obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water.”
- Giải thích: Câu hỏi nói rằng “It is always difficult”, nghĩa là lúc nào cũng khó xác định nơi sống của động vật hóa thạch. Nhưng bài đọc nói rằng đôi khi có thể dễ dàng xác định, ví dụ như Ichthyosaurs có hình dạng giống cá heo nên chắc chắn sống dưới nước. Vì vậy, câu này là FALSE.
Question 33
- Đáp án: TRUE
- Vị trí: Đoạn 4 – “The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water.”
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rằng từ hình dạng hóa thạch của Ichthyosaurs (giống cá heo), ta có thể suy ra chúng sống dưới nước. Điều này đồng ý với nội dung câu hỏi, nên đáp án là TRUE.
Questions 34-39: Flow chart completion
Question 34
- Đáp án: three measurements
- Vị trí: Đoạn 5 – “Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises.”
- Giải thích: Họ đo ba chỉ số (three measurements) trên xương của 71 loài rùa và rùa cạn.
Question 35
- Đáp án: triangular graph
- Vị trí: Đoạn 5 – “They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another.”
- Giải thích: Họ dùng đồ thị hình tam giác (triangular graph) để so sánh dữ liệu đo lường.
Question 36
- Đáp án: cluster
- Vị trí: Đoạn 5 – “All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle.”
- Giải thích: Kết quả cho thấy nhóm rùa cạn tạo thành một cụm điểm (cluster) trên đồ thị tam giác.
Question 37
- Đáp án: amphibious
- Vị trí: Đoạn 5 – “Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land tortoises.”
- Giải thích: Các loài lưỡng cư (amphibious species) xuất hiện ở vị trí giữa hai nhóm rùa cạn và rùa biển.
Question 38
- Đáp án: halfway
- Vị trí: Đoạn 5 – “Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land tortoises.”
- Giải thích: Dữ liệu của các loài lưỡng cư nằm khoảng giữa (halfway) trên đồ thị tam giác.
Question 39
- Đáp án: dry-land tortoises
- Vị trí: Đoạn 5 – “Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises.”
- Giải thích: Hóa thạch của P. quenstedti và P. talampayensis nằm trong nhóm rùa cạn (dry-land tortoises) trên đồ thị.
Question 40: Multiple Choice
- Đáp án: D. they have made the transition from sea to land more than once.
- Vị trí: Đoạn cuối – “Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return… Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.”
- Giải thích: Tác giả nhấn mạnh rằng rùa đã di cư từ biển lên đất liền nhiều hơn một lần, điều này là đặc điểm đáng chú ý nhất của chúng. Vì vậy, đáp án đúng là D.
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