A Second Attempt At Domesticating The Tomato Cambridge IELTS 17

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1. A Second Attempt At Domesticating The Tomato Reading IELTS
- 1.1 Reading passage
- 1.2 Questions
2. A Second Attempt At Domesticating The Tomato Answers
3. A Second Attempt At Domesticating The Tomato Explanation

1. A Second Attempt At Domesticating The Tomato Reading IELTS

1.1 Reading passage

A. It took at least 3,000 years for humans to learn how to domesticate the wild tomato and cultivate it for food. Now two separate teams in Brazil and China have done it all over again in less than three years. And they have done it better in some ways, as the re-domesticated tomatoes are more nutritious than the ones we eat at present.

This approach relies on the revolutionary CRISPR genome editing technique, in which changes are deliberately made to the DNA of a living cell, allowing genetic material to be added, removed, or altered. The technique could not only improve existing crops but could also be used to turn thousands of wild plants into useful and appealing foods. A third team in the US has already begun to do this with a relative of the tomato called the groundcherry.

This fast-track domestication could help make the world’s food supply healthier and far more resistant to diseases, such as the rust fungus devastating wheat crops.

‘This could transform what we eat,’ says Jorg Kudla at the University of Munster in Germany, a member of the Brazilian team. ‘There are 50,000 edible plants in the world, but 90 percent of our energy comes from just 15 crops.’

‘We can now mimic the known domestication course of major crops like rice, maize, sorghum, or others,’ says Caixia Gao of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. ‘Then we might try to domesticate plants that have never been domesticated.

B. Wild tomatoes, which are native to the Andes region in South America, produce pea-sized fruits. Over many generations, peoples such as the Aztecs and Incas transformed the plant by selecting and breeding plants with mutations* in their genetic structure, which resulted in desirable traits such as larger fruit.

But every time a single plant with a mutation is taken from a larger population for breeding, much genetic diversity is lost. Sometimes the desirable mutations come with less desirable traits. For instance, the tomato strains grown for supermarkets have lost much of their flavor.

By comparing the genomes of modern plants to those of their wild relatives, biologists have been working out what genetic changes occurred as plants were domesticated. The teams in Brazil and China have now used this knowledge to reintroduce these changes from scratch while maintaining or even enhancing the desirable traits of wild strains.

C. Kudla’s team made six changes altogether. For instance, they tripled the size of fruit by editing a gene called FRUIT WEIGHT and increased the number of tomatoes per truss by editing another called MULTIFLORA.

While the historical domestication of tomatoes reduced levels of the red pigment lycopene – thought to have potential health benefits – the team in Brazil managed to boost it instead. The wild tomato has twice as much lycopene as cultivated ones; the newly domesticated one has five times as much.

‘They are quite tasty,’ says Kudla. ‘A little bit strong. And very aromatic.’

The team in China re-domesticated several strains of wild tomatoes with desirable traits lost in domesticated tomatoes. In this way, they managed to create a strain resistant to a common disease called bacterial spot race, which can devastate yields. They also created another strain that is more salt tolerant – and has higher levels of vitamin C.

D. Meanwhile, Joyce Van Eck at the Boyce Thompson Institute in New York State decided to use the same approach to domesticate the groundcherry or goldenberry (Physalis pruinosa) for the first time. This fruit looks similar to the closely related Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana).

Groundcherries are already sold to a limited extent in the US but they are hard to produce because the plant has a sprawling growth habit and the small fruits fall off the branches when ripe. Van Eck’s team has edited the plants to increase fruit size, make their growth more compact, and stop fruits from dropping. ‘There’s potential for this to be a commercial crop,’ says Van Eck. But she adds that taking the work further would be expensive because of the need to pay for a license for the CRISPR technology and get regulatory approval.

E. This approach could boost the use of many obscure plants, says Jonathan Jones of the Sainsbury Lab in the UK. But it will be hard for new foods to grow so popular with farmers and consumers that they become new staple crops, he thinks.

The three teams already have their eye on other plants that could be ‘catapulted into the mainstream’, including foxtail, oat-grass, and cowpea. By choosing wild plants that are drought or heat-tolerant, says Gao, we could create crops that will thrive even as the planet warms.

But Kudla didn’t want to reveal which species were in his team’s sights, because CRISPR has made the process so easy. ‘Anyone with the right skills could go to their lab and do this.

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1.2 Questions

Questions 1 – 5

Reading Passage has five paragraphs, A-E.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1 – 5 on your answer sheet.

a reference to a type of tomato that can resist a dangerous infection.
an explanation of how problems can arise from focusing only on a certain type of tomato plant.
a number of examples of plants that are not cultivated at present but could be useful as food sources.
a comparison between the early domestication of the tomato and more recent research
a personal reaction to the flavor of a tomato that has been genetically edited

Questions 6 – 10

Look at the following statements and the list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-D.

Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 6 – 10 on your answer sheet.

6. Domestication of certain plants could allow them to adapt to future environmental challenges.

7. The idea of growing and eating unusual plants may not be accepted on a large scale.

8. It is not advisable for the future direction of certain research to be made public.

9. Present efforts to domesticate one wild fruit are limited by the costs involved.

10. Humans only make use of a small proportion of the plant food available on Earth.

List of Researchers

A Jorg Kudla

B Caixia Gao

C Joyce Van Eck

D Jonathan Jones

Questions 11 – 13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11 – 13 on your answer sheet.

11. An undesirable trait such as loss of ……………………… may be caused by a mutation in a tomato gene.

12. By modifying one gene in a tomato plant, researchers made the tomato three times its original ………………………

13. A type of tomato that was not badly affected by ………………………, and was rich in vitamin C, was produced by a team of researchers in China.

2. A Second Attempt At Domesticating The Tomato Answers

Câu hỏi	Đáp án
1	C
2	B
3	E
4	A
5	C
6	B
7	D
8	A
9	C
10	A
11	flavour/flavor
12	size
13	salt

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3. A Second Attempt At Domesticating The Tomato Explanation

Question 1-5

Câu hỏi 1: Đáp án: C

Loại câu hỏi: Matching Heading

Vị trí đáp án: Đoạn C, dòng 7

Giải thích: Nhóm nghiên cứu tại Trung Quốc đã tái thuần hóa một số giống cà chua hoang dã có các đặc tính quý giá đã bị mất trong quá trình thuần hóa. Nhờ đó, họ đã tạo ra một giống cà chua có khả năng chống lại bệnh đốm vi khuẩn, một căn bệnh có thể gây tổn thất nghiêm trọng về sản lượng. Vì vậy, đáp án đúng là ‘C’.

Câu hỏi 2: Đáp án: B

Loại câu hỏi: Matching Heading

Vị trí đáp án: Đoạn B, dòng 3

Giải thích: Mỗi khi một cây có đột biến được chọn từ một quần thể lớn hơn để lai tạo, một lượng lớn đa dạng di truyền sẽ bị mất. Đôi khi, các đột biến có lợi lại đi kèm với những đặc điểm không mong muốn. Ví dụ, các giống cà chua được trồng để bán trong siêu thị đã mất đi nhiều hương vị tự nhiên. Do đó, đáp án đúng là ‘B’.

Câu hỏi 3: Đáp án: E

Loại câu hỏi: Matching Heading

Vị trí đáp án: Đoạn E, dòng 3

Giải thích: Ba nhóm nghiên cứu đã nhắm đến các loại cây trồng khác có thể được “đưa vào sản xuất đại trà”, bao gồm cỏ đuôi chồn, cỏ yến mạch và đậu đũa. Theo Gao, bằng cách chọn những loài thực vật hoang dã có khả năng chịu hạn hoặc chịu nhiệt, chúng ta có thể tạo ra các loại cây trồng phát triển mạnh ngay cả khi trái đất ấm lên. Vì vậy, đáp án đúng là ‘E’.

Câu hỏi 4: Đáp án: A

Loại câu hỏi: Matching Heading

Vị trí đáp án: Đoạn A, dòng 1

Giải thích: Quá trình thuần hóa cà chua hoang dã để trồng làm thực phẩm đã mất ít nhất 3.000 năm. Tuy nhiên, hai nhóm nghiên cứu độc lập tại Brazil và Trung Quốc đã tái thuần hóa nó chỉ trong chưa đầy ba năm. Hơn nữa, họ còn làm tốt hơn ở một số khía cạnh, khi những giống cà chua tái thuần hóa này giàu dinh dưỡng hơn so với loại chúng ta ăn hiện nay. Vì vậy, đáp án đúng là ‘A’.

Câu hỏi 5: Đáp án: C

Loại câu hỏi: Matching Heading

Vị trí đáp án: Đoạn C, dòng 3-5

Giải thích: Trong quá trình thuần hóa cà chua trước đây, hàm lượng sắc tố đỏ lycopene – được cho là có lợi cho sức khỏe – đã bị giảm. Tuy nhiên, nhóm nghiên cứu tại Brazil đã thành công trong việc tăng cường chất này. Cà chua hoang dã có lượng lycopene gấp đôi so với cà chua trồng hiện nay, trong khi giống cà chua tái thuần hóa mới có hàm lượng lycopene cao gấp năm lần. Vì vậy, đáp án đúng là ‘C’.

Question 6-10

Câu hỏi 6: Đáp án: B